@article{pmid41535460,

title = {Predictive coding of reward in the hippocampus},

author = {Mohammad Yaghoubi and M Ganesh Kumar and Andres Nieto-Posadas and Coralie-Anne Mosser and Thomas Gisiger and Émmanuel Wilson and Cengiz Pehlevan and Sylvain Williams and Mark P Brandon},

doi = {10.1038/s41586-025-09958-0},

issn = {1476-4687},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-03-01},

journal = {Nature},

volume = {651},

number = {8105},

pages = {414--420},

abstract = {Anticipating future outcomes is a fundamental task of the brain. This process requires learning the states of the world as well as the transitional relationships between those states. In rodents, the hippocampal spatial cognitive map is thought to be one such internal model. However, evidence for predictive coding and reward sensitivity in the hippocampal neuronal representation suggests that its role extends beyond purely spatial representation. How this reward representation evolves over extended experience remains unclear. Here we track the evolution of the hippocampal reward representation over weeks as mice learn to solve a cognitively demanding reward-based task. We find several lines of evidence, both at the population and the single-cell level, indicating that the hippocampal representation becomes predictive of reward as the mouse learns the task over several weeks. Both the population-level encoding of reward and the proportion of reward-tuned neurons decrease with experience. At the same time, the representation of features that precede the reward increases with experience. By tracking reward-tuned neurons over time, we find that their activity gradually shifts from encoding the reward itself to representing preceding task features, indicating that experience drives a backward-shifted reorganization of neural activity to anticipate reward. We show that a temporal difference model of place fields recapitulates these results. Our findings underscore the dynamic nature of hippocampal representations, and highlight their role in learning through the prediction of future outcomes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid39535920,

title = {Idiothetic representations are modulated by availability of sensory inputs and task demands in the hippocampal-septal circuit},

author = {Guillaume Etter and Suzanne van der Veldt and Coralie-Anne Mosser and Michael E Hasselmo and Sylvain Williams},

doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114980},

issn = {2211-1247},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-11-01},

journal = {Cell Rep},

volume = {43},

number = {11},

pages = {114980},

abstract = {The hippocampus is a higher-order brain structure responsible for encoding new episodic memories and predicting future outcomes. In the absence of external stimuli, neurons in the hippocampus track elapsed time, distance traveled, and other idiothetic variables. To this day, the exact determinants of idiothetic representations during free navigation remain unclear. Here, we developed unsupervised approaches to extract population and single-cell properties of more than 30,000 CA1 pyramidal neurons in freely moving mice. We find that spatiotemporal representations are composed of a mixture of idiothetic and allocentric information, the balance of which is dictated by task demand and environmental conditions. Additionally, a subset of CA1 pyramidal neurons encodes the spatiotemporal distance to rewards. Finally, distance and time information is integrated postsynaptically in the lateral septum, indicating that these high-level representations are effectively integrated in downstream neurons.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid37073973,

title = {Optogenetic activation of septal inhibitory cells abates focal seizures},

author = {Maxime Lévesque and Siyan Wang and Guillaume Etter and Sylvain Williams and Massimo Avoli},

doi = {10.1152/jn.00111.2023},

issn = {1522-1598},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-05-01},

journal = {J Neurophysiol},

volume = {129},

number = {5},

pages = {1218--1223},

abstract = {Emerging evidence suggests that the medial septum can control seizures occurring in focal epileptic disorders, thus representing a therapeutic target. Therefore, we investigated whether continuous optogenetic activation of inhibitory parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in the medial septum can reduce the occurrence of spontaneous seizures in the pilocarpine model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Light pulses (450 nm, 25 mW, 20-ms pulse duration) were delivered at 0.5 Hz (5 min ON, 10 min OFF) with a laser diode fiber light source between  and  after status epilepticus (SE) in PV-ChR2 mice ( = 8). Seizure rates were significantly lower during time periods of optogenetic stimulation () compared with before implementation of optogenetics () ( < 0.05). Moreover, between  and  after SE seizure rates were still significantly lower compared with before optogenetic stimulation (i.e., between  and ) ( < 0.05). No seizures were recorded between  and  in all animals, and no seizures occurred up to 3 days after the end of optogenetic stimulation (). Our findings indicate that activation of PV interneurons in the medial septum abates seizures in the pilocarpine model of MTLE. Moreover, the persisting anti-ictogenic effects suggest that stimulation of the medial septum could alter the progression of MTLE. The medial septum could represent a therapeutic target to treat patients with focal epilepsy. In this study, we show that optogenetic activation of inhibitory parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the medial septum can block spontaneous seizures and prevents their reoccurrence for ∼5 days after the end of stimulation. Our findings suggest that the anti-ictogenic effects induced by stimulation of the medial septum could also alter the progression of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid36697399,

title = {Optogenetic frequency scrambling of hippocampal theta oscillations dissociates working memory retrieval from hippocampal spatiotemporal codes},

author = {Guillaume Etter and Suzanne van der Veldt and Jisoo Choi and Sylvain Williams},

doi = {10.1038/s41467-023-35825-5},

issn = {2041-1723},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Nat Commun},

volume = {14},

number = {1},

pages = {410},

abstract = {The precise temporal coordination of activity in the brain is thought to be fundamental for memory function. Inhibitory neurons in the medial septum provide a prominent source of innervation to the hippocampus and play a major role in controlling hippocampal theta (~8 Hz) oscillations. While pharmacological inhibition of medial septal neurons is known to disrupt memory, the exact role of septal inhibitory neurons in regulating hippocampal representations and memory is not fully understood. Here, we dissociate the role of theta rhythms in spatiotemporal coding and memory using an all-optical interrogation and recording approach. We find that optogenetic frequency scrambling stimulations abolish theta oscillations and modulate a portion of neurons in the hippocampus. Such stimulation decreased episodic and working memory retrieval while leaving hippocampal spatiotemporal codes intact. Our study suggests that theta rhythms play an essential role in memory but may not be necessary for hippocampal spatiotemporal codes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid37720546,

title = {Linking temporal coordination of hippocampal activity to memory function},

author = {Guillaume Etter and James E Carmichael and Sylvain Williams},

doi = {10.3389/fncel.2023.1233849},

issn = {1662-5102},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Front Cell Neurosci},

volume = {17},

pages = {1233849},

abstract = {Oscillations in neural activity are widespread throughout the brain and can be observed at the population level through the local field potential. These rhythmic patterns are associated with cycles of excitability and are thought to coordinate networks of neurons, in turn facilitating effective communication both within local circuits and across brain regions. In the hippocampus, theta rhythms (4-12 Hz) could contribute to several key physiological mechanisms including long-range synchrony, plasticity, and at the behavioral scale, support memory encoding and retrieval. While neurons in the hippocampus appear to be temporally coordinated by theta oscillations, they also tend to fire in sequences that are developmentally preconfigured. Although loss of theta rhythmicity impairs memory, these sequences of spatiotemporal representations persist in conditions of altered hippocampal oscillations. The focus of this review is to disentangle the relative contribution of hippocampal oscillations from single-neuron activity in learning and memory. We first review cellular, anatomical, and physiological mechanisms underlying the generation and maintenance of hippocampal rhythms and how they contribute to memory function. We propose candidate hypotheses for how septohippocampal oscillations could support memory function while not contributing directly to hippocampal sequences. In particular, we explore how theta rhythms could coordinate the integration of upstream signals in the hippocampus to form future decisions, the relevance of such integration to downstream regions, as well as setting the stage for behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity. Finally, we leverage stimulation-based treatment in Alzheimer's disease conditions as an opportunity to assess the sufficiency of hippocampal oscillations for memory function.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid35718264,

title = {Bilateral optogenetic activation of inhibitory cells favors ictogenesis},

author = {Maxime Lévesque and Siyan Wang and Guillaume Etter and Sylvain Williams and Massimo Avoli},

doi = {10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105794},

issn = {1095-953X},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-09-01},

journal = {Neurobiol Dis},

volume = {171},

pages = {105794},

abstract = {Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common type of focal refractory epilepsy and is characterized by recurring seizures that are often refractory to medication. Since parvalbumin-positive (PV) interneurons were recently shown to play significant roles in ictogenesis, we established here how bilateral optogenetic stimulation of these interneurons in the hippocampus CA3 regions modulates seizures, interictal spikes and high-frequency oscillations (HFOs; ripples: 80-200 Hz, fast ripples: 250-500 Hz) in the pilocarpine model of MTLE. Bilateral optogenetic stimulation of CA3 PV-positive interneurons at 8 Hz (lasting 30 s, every 2 min) was implemented in PV-ChR2 mice for 8 consecutive days starting on day 7 (n = 8) or on day 13 (n = 6) after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Seizure occurrence was higher in both day 7 and day 13 groups of PV-ChR2 mice during periods of optogenetic stimulation ("ON"), compared to when stimulation was not performed ("OFF") (day 7 group = p < 0.01, day 13 group = p < 0.01). In the PV-ChR2 day 13 group, rates of seizures (p < 0.05), of interictal spikes associated with fast ripples (p < 0.01), and of isolated fast ripples (p < 0.01) during optogenetic stimulations were significantly higher than in the PV-ChR2 day 7 group. Our findings reveal that bilateral activation of PV-interneurons in the hippocampus (leading to a presumptive increase in GABA signaling) favors ictogenesis. These effects may also mirror the neuropathological changes that occur over time after SE in this animal model.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid34460812,

title = {Conjunctive spatial and self-motion codes are topographically organized in the GABAergic cells of the lateral septum},

author = {Suzanne van der Veldt and Guillaume Etter and Coralie-Anne Mosser and Frédéric Manseau and Sylvain Williams},

doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.3001383},

issn = {1545-7885},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-08-01},

journal = {PLoS Biol},

volume = {19},

number = {8},

pages = {e3001383},

abstract = {The hippocampal spatial code's relevance for downstream neuronal populations-particularly its major subcortical output the lateral septum (LS)-is still poorly understood. Here, using calcium imaging combined with unbiased analytical methods, we functionally characterized and compared the spatial tuning of LS GABAergic cells to those of dorsal CA3 and CA1 cells. We identified a significant number of LS cells that are modulated by place, speed, acceleration, and direction, as well as conjunctions of these properties, directly comparable to hippocampal CA1 and CA3 spatially modulated cells. Interestingly, Bayesian decoding of position based on LS spatial cells reflected the animal's location as accurately as decoding using the activity of hippocampal pyramidal cells. A portion of LS cells showed stable spatial codes over the course of multiple days, potentially reflecting long-term episodic memory. The distributions of cells exhibiting these properties formed gradients along the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes of the LS, directly reflecting the topographical organization of hippocampal inputs to the LS. Finally, we show using transsynaptic tracing that LS neurons receiving CA3 and CA1 excitatory input send projections to the hypothalamus and medial septum, regions that are not targeted directly by principal cells of the dorsal hippocampus. Together, our findings demonstrate that the LS accurately and robustly represents spatial, directional as well as self-motion information and is uniquely positioned to relay this information from the hippocampus to its downstream regions, thus occupying a key position within a distributed spatial memory network.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid32691490,

title = {The McGill-Mouse-Miniscope platform: A standardized approach for high-throughput imaging of neuronal dynamics during behavior},

author = {Coralie-Anne Mosser and Zeeshan Haqqee and Andrés Nieto-Posadas and Keith K Murai and Stefano Stifani and Sylvain Williams and Mark P Brandon},

doi = {10.1111/gbb.12686},

issn = {1601-183X},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Genes Brain Behav},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {e12686},

abstract = {Understanding the rules that govern neuronal dynamics throughout the brain to subserve behavior and cognition remains one of the biggest challenges in neuroscience research. Recent technical advances enable the recording of increasingly larger neuronal populations to produce increasingly more sophisticated datasets. Despite bold and important open-science and data-sharing policies, these datasets tend to include unique data acquisition methods, behaviors, and file structures. Discrepancies between experimental protocols present key challenges in comparing data between laboratories and across different brain regions and species. Here, we discuss our recent efforts to create a standardized and high-throughput research platform to address these issues. The McGill-Mouse-Miniscope (M3) platform is an initiative to combine miniscope calcium imaging with standardized touchscreen-based animal behavioral testing. The goal is to curate an open-source and standardized framework for acquiring, analyzing, and accessing high-quality data of the neuronal dynamics that underly cognition throughout the brain in mice, marmosets, and models of disease. We end with a discussion of future developments and a call for users to adopt this standardized approach.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid34421547,

title = {A Characterization of the Electrophysiological and Morphological Properties of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) Interneurons in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex (MEC)},

author = {Saishree Badrinarayanan and Frédéric Manseau and Sylvain Williams and Mark P Brandon},

doi = {10.3389/fncir.2021.653116},

issn = {1662-5110},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Front Neural Circuits},

volume = {15},

pages = {653116},

abstract = {Circuit interactions within the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) translate movement into a coherent code for spatial location. Entorhinal principal cells are subject to strong lateral inhibition, suggesting that a disinhibitory mechanism may drive their activation. Cortical Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) expressing inhibitory neurons are known to contact other interneurons and excitatory cells and are thus capable of providing a local disinhibitory mechanism, yet little is known about this cell type in the MEC. To investigate the electrophysiological and morphological properties of VIP cells in the MEC, we use  whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in VIPcre/tdTom mice. We report several gradients in electrophysiological properties of VIP cells that differ across laminae and along the dorsal-ventral MEC axis. We additionally show that VIP cells have distinct morphological features across laminae. Together, these results characterize the cellular and morphological properties of VIP cells in the MEC.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid32499681,

title = {A Probabilistic Framework for Decoding Behavior From  Calcium Imaging Data},

author = {Guillaume Etter and Frederic Manseau and Sylvain Williams},

doi = {10.3389/fncir.2020.00019},

issn = {1662-5110},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Front Neural Circuits},

volume = {14},

pages = {19},

abstract = {Understanding the role of neuronal activity in cognition and behavior is a key question in neuroscience. Previously,  studies have typically inferred behavior from electrophysiological data using probabilistic approaches including Bayesian decoding. While providing useful information on the role of neuronal subcircuits, electrophysiological approaches are often limited in the maximum number of recorded neurons as well as their ability to reliably identify neurons over time. This can be particularly problematic when trying to decode behaviors that rely on large neuronal assemblies or rely on temporal mechanisms, such as a learning task over the course of several days. Calcium imaging of genetically encoded calcium indicators has overcome these two issues. Unfortunately, because calcium transients only indirectly reflect spiking activity and calcium imaging is often performed at lower sampling frequencies, this approach suffers from uncertainty in exact spike timing and thus activity frequency, making rate-based decoding approaches used in electrophysiological recordings difficult to apply to calcium imaging data. Here we describe a probabilistic framework that can be used to robustly infer behavior from calcium imaging recordings and relies on a simplified implementation of a naive Baysian classifier. Our method discriminates between periods of activity and periods of inactivity to compute probability density functions (likelihood and posterior), significance and confidence interval, as well as mutual information. We next devise a simple method to decode behavior using these probability density functions and propose metrics to quantify decoding accuracy. Finally, we show that neuronal activity can be predicted from behavior, and that the accuracy of such reconstructions can guide the understanding of relationships that may exist between behavioral states and neuronal activity.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid31873285,

title = {Context-dependent representations of objects and space in the primate hippocampus during virtual navigation},

author = {Roberto A Gulli and Lyndon R Duong and Benjamin W Corrigan and Guillaume Doucet and Sylvain Williams and Stefano Fusi and Julio C Martinez-Trujillo},

doi = {10.1038/s41593-019-0548-3},

issn = {1546-1726},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Nat Neurosci},

volume = {23},

number = {1},

pages = {103--112},

abstract = {The hippocampus is implicated in associative memory and spatial navigation. To investigate how these functions are mixed in the hippocampus, we recorded from single hippocampal neurons in macaque monkeys navigating a virtual maze during a foraging task and a context-object associative memory task. During both tasks, single neurons encoded information about spatial position; a linear classifier also decoded position. However, the population code for space did not generalize across tasks, particularly where stimuli relevant to the associative memory task appeared. Single-neuron and population-level analyses revealed that cross-task changes were due to selectivity for nonspatial features of the associative memory task when they were visually available (perceptual coding) and following their disappearance (mnemonic coding). Our results show that neurons in the primate hippocampus nonlinearly mix information about space and nonspatial elements of the environment in a task-dependent manner; this efficient code flexibly represents unique perceptual experiences and correspondent memories.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid31757962,

title = {Optogenetic gamma stimulation rescues memory impairments in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model},

author = {Guillaume Etter and Suzanne van der Veldt and Frédéric Manseau and Iman Zarrinkoub and Emilie Trillaud-Doppia and Sylvain Williams},

doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-13260-9},

issn = {2041-1723},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-11-01},

journal = {Nat Commun},

volume = {10},

number = {1},

pages = {5322},

abstract = {Slow gamma oscillations (30-60 Hz) correlate with retrieval of spatial memory. Altered slow gamma oscillations have been observed in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we use the J20-APP AD mouse model that displays spatial memory loss as well as reduced slow gamma amplitude and phase-amplitude coupling to theta oscillations phase. To restore gamma oscillations in the hippocampus, we used optogenetics to activate medial septal parvalbumin neurons at different frequencies. We show that optogenetic stimulation of parvalbumin neurons at 40 Hz (but not 80 Hz) restores hippocampal slow gamma oscillations amplitude, and phase-amplitude coupling of the J20 AD mouse model. Restoration of slow gamma oscillations during retrieval rescued spatial memory in mice despite significant plaque deposition. These results support the role of slow gamma oscillations in memory and suggest that optogenetic stimulation of medial septal parvalbumin neurons at 40 Hz could provide a novel strategy for treating memory deficits in AD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid31393618,

title = {Paradoxical effects of optogenetic stimulation in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy},

author = {Maxime Lévesque and Li-Yuan Chen and Guillaume Etter and Zahra Shiri and Siyan Wang and Sylvain Williams and Massimo Avoli},

doi = {10.1002/ana.25572},

issn = {1531-8249},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-11-01},

journal = {Ann Neurol},

volume = {86},

number = {5},

pages = {714--728},

abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To establish the effects induced by long-term, unilateral stimulation of parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons on seizures, interictal spikes, and high-frequency oscillations (80-500Hz) occurring after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE)-a proven model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE)-in transgenic mice expressing or not expressing ChR2.nnMETHODS: PV-ChR2 (n = 6) and PV-Cre (n = 6) mice were treated with pilocarpine to induce SE. Three hours after SE onset, unilateral optogenetic stimulation (450nm, 25mW, 20-millisecond pulses delivered at 8Hz for 30 seconds every 2 minutes) of CA3 PV-positive interneurons was implemented for 14 continuous days in both groups.nnRESULTS: Rates of seizures (p < 0.01), interictal spikes (p < 0.001), and interictal spikes with fast ripples (250-500Hz) (p < 0.001) were lower in PV-ChR2 than in PV-Cre mice. Ripples (80-200Hz) occurring outside of interictal spikes had higher rates in the PV-ChR2 group (p < 0.01), whereas isolated fast ripples had lower rates (p < 0.01). However, seizure probability was higher during optogenetic stimulation in PV-ChR2 compared to PV-Cre animals (p < 0.05).nnINTERPRETATION: Our findings show that the unilateral activation of CA3 PV-positive interneurons exerts anti-ictogenic effects associated with decreased rates of interictal spikes and fast ripples in this MTLE model. However, PV-positive interneuron stimulation can paradoxically trigger seizures in epileptic animals, supporting the notion that γ-aminobutyric acid type A signaling can also initiate ictogenesis. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:714-728.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid30999010,

title = {Excitatory-inhibitory imbalance in Alzheimer's disease and therapeutic significance},

author = {Eva Vico Varela and Guillaume Etter and Sylvain Williams},

doi = {10.1016/j.nbd.2019.04.010},

issn = {1095-953X},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-07-01},

journal = {Neurobiol Dis},

volume = {127},

pages = {605--615},

abstract = {The interplay between excitatory and inhibitory circuits underlies the brain's processes and their dysregulation has been linked to cognitive decline, psychiatric disorders and epilepsy. In patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), an elevated occurrence of seizures has been observed in both sporadic and familial forms of the condition. Although seizure activity in AD has been mainly viewed as a result of neuronal cell loss and considered to occur in later stages, it is now becoming increasingly clear that aberrant neuronal activity may be more common in patients at earlier stages than previously thought and may trigger and contribute significantly to cognitive defects. Here, we review alterations of inhibitory and excitatory circuits that may lead to overexcitability and early dysregulation of neuronal networks in the context of AD and therapeutic outcomes of restoring excitatory/inhibitory balance.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{pmid30599271,

title = {Functional Connectivity between Hippocampus and Lateral Septum is Affected in Very Young Alzheimer's Transgenic Mouse Model},

author = {Siddhartha Mondragón-Rodríguez and Ning Gu and Caroline Fasano and Fernando Peña-Ortega and Sylvain Williams},

doi = {10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.12.042},

issn = {1873-7544},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-03-01},

journal = {Neuroscience},

volume = {401},

pages = {96--105},

abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β and tau proteins, which are believed to lead to neural damage that translates into brain dysfunction and cognitive deficits. Brain dysfunction can be evaluated by measuring single-neuron activity (spikes), global neural activity (local field potentials, LFPs) and the interaction between them. Considering that the dynamic interactions between the hippocampal pyramidal cells and lateral septum are important for proper structure function, we used the complete septo-hippocampal preparation from 30-day-old controls and J20-AD transgenic mice to record changes in spiking activity from the lateral septum and its relationship with LFP activity from the CA1 area. The cross-correlation analysis revealed that young J20 transgenic mice exhibit a significant reduction in coupling between lateral septum single-cell activity and neural network activity from the hippocampal CA1. Consistently, phase-lock analysis between lateral septum single-cell activity and CA1 neural network activity showed lower values in J20 transgenic mice. Similarly, the LFP- LFP coherence between CA1 and septum in the theta range showed lower values in J20 animals. Importantly, alterations were found before any detectable signs of cognitive deficits. Our data indicate that the disruption in the communication between hippocampus and rostral lateral septum is an early event in AD pathology and may contribute to the deficits observed during AD.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}